Friday, 31 August 2018

प्रत्यय (Suffix)

प्रत्यय (Suffix)

प्रत्यय उस शब्दांश को कहते है, जो किसी शब्द के अन्त में जुड़कर उस शब्द के भिन्न अर्थ को प्रकट करता है।
दूसरे अर्थ में-शब्दों के बाद जो अक्षर या अक्षर समूह लगाया जाता है, उसे प्रत्यय कहते है।
जैसे- 'भला' शब्द में 'आई' प्रत्यय लगाकर 'भलाई' शब्द बनता है।
प्रत्यय दो शब्दों से बना है- प्रति+अय। 'प्रति'का अर्थ 'साथ में, 'पर बाद में' है और 'अय' का अर्थ 'चलनेवाला' है। अतएव, 'प्रत्यय' का अर्थ है 'शब्दों के साथ, पर बाद में चलनेवाला या लगनेवाला। प्रत्यय उपसर्गों की तरह अविकारी शब्दांश है, जो शब्दों के बाद जोड़े जाते है। जैसे- 'भला' शब्द में 'आई' प्रत्यय लगाने से 'भलाई' शब्द बनता है। यहाँ प्रत्यय 'आई' है।

प्रत्यय के भेद

मूलतः प्रत्यय के दो प्रकार है -
(1)कृत् प्रत्यय 
(2) तद्धित प्रत्यय
(1) कृत् प्रत्यय:- क्रिया या धातु के अन्त में प्रयुक्त होनेवाले प्रत्ययों को 'कृत्' प्रत्यय कहते है और उनके मेल से बने शब्द को 'कृदन्त' कहते है।
दूसरे शब्दो में- वे प्रत्यय जो क्रिया के मूल रूप यानी धातु(root word) में जोड़ जाते है, कृत् प्रत्यय कहलाते है।
जैसे- लिख् + अक =लेखक। यहाँ अक कृत् प्रत्यय है तथा लेखक कृदंत शब्द है।
ये प्रत्यय क्रिया या धातु को नया अर्थ देते है। कृत् प्रत्यय के योग से संज्ञा और विशेषण बनते है। हिंदी में क्रिया के नाम के अंत का 'ना' (कृत् प्रत्यय) हटा देने पर जो अंश बच जाता है, वही धातु है। जैसे- कहना की कह्, चलना की चल् धातु में ही प्रत्यय लगते है।
कुछ उदाहरण इस प्रकार है-

(क)

कृत्-प्रत्ययक्रियाशब्द
वालागानागानेवाला
हारहोनाहोनहार
इयाछलनाछलिया

(ख)

कृत्-प्रत्ययधातुशब्द
अककृकारक
अननीनयन
तिशक्शक्ति

(ग़)

कृत्-प्रत्ययक्रिया या धातुशब्द (संज्ञा)
तव्य (संस्कृत)कृकर्तव्य
यत्दादेय
वैया (हिंदी)खेना-खेखेवैया
अना (संस्कृत)विद्वेदना
आ (संस्कृत)इश् (इच्छ्)इच्छा

(घ)

कृत्-प्रत्ययधातुविशेषण
क्तभूभूत
क्तमद्मत्त
क्त (न)खिद्खित्र
क्त (ण)जृजीर्ण
मानविद्विद्यमान
अनीय (संस्कृत)दृश्दर्शनीय
य (संस्कृत)दादेय
य (संस्कृत)पूज्पूज्य
आऊ (हिंदी)टिकना- टिकटिकाऊ
आका (हिंदी)लड़ना- लड़लड़ाका
आड़ी (हिंदी)खेलना- खेलखेलाड़ी

कृदन्त के भेद

हिंदी में रूप के अनुसार 'कृदन्त्' के दो भेद है-(i)विकारी (ii)अविकारी
विकारी कृदन्तों का प्रयोग प्रायः संज्ञा या विशेषण के सदृश होता है और कृदन्त अव्यय का प्रयोग क्रियाविशेषण या कभी-कभी सम्बन्धसूचक के समान होता है।
विकारी कृदन्त के चार भेद होते है-
(i)क्रियार्थक संज्ञा (ii)कर्तृवाचक संज्ञा (iii)वर्तमानकालिक कृदन्त (iv)भूतकालिक कृदन्त
हिन्दी क्रियापदों के अन्त में कृत्-प्रत्ययों के योग से (i) कर्तृवाचक संज्ञा (ii) कर्मवाचक (iii) करणवाचक (iv) भाववाचक संज्ञाएँ बनती हैं। इनके साथ ही कर्तृवाचक और क्रियाद्योतक- दो प्रकार के विशेषण भी बनते हैं। आगे संस्कृत और हिंदी के कृत्-प्रत्ययों के उदाहरण दिये जाते हैं।
संस्कृत के कृत्-प्रत्यय और संज्ञाएँ
कृत्-प्रत्ययधातुभाववाचक संज्ञाएँ
कम्काम
अनाविद्वेदना
अनावन्द्वन्दना
इष्इच्छा
पूज्पूजा
तिशक्शक्ति
यामृगमृगया
तृभुज्भोक्तृ (भोक्ता)
तन्तनु
त्यज्त्यागी
कृत्-प्रत्ययधातुकर्तृवाचक संज्ञाएँ
अकगैगायक
सृप्सर्प
दिव्देव
तृदादातृ (दाता)
कृकृत्य
प्र+ह्प्रहार
हिंदी के कृत्-प्रत्यय (Primary suffixes)
हिंदी के कृत् या कृदन्त प्रत्यय इस प्रकार हैं- अ, अन्त, अक्कड़, आ, आई, आड़ी, आलू, आऊ, अंकू, आक, आका, आकू, आन, आनी, आप, आपा, आव, आवट, आवना, आवा, आस, आहट, इयल, ई, इया, ऊ, एरा, ऐया, ऐत, ओड़ा, औता, औती, औना, औनी, आवनी, औवल, क, का, की, गी, त, ता, ती, न, नी, वन, वाँ, वाला, वैया, सार, हारा, हार, हा इत्यादि। हिंदी के कृत्-प्रत्ययों से भाववाचक, करणवाचक, कर्तृवाचक संज्ञाएँ और विशेषण बनते हैं।
इनके उदाहरण, प्रत्यय-चिह्नों के साथ आगे दिये जाते है।
भाववाचक कृदन्तीय संज्ञाएँ
भाववाचक कृदन्त-संज्ञाओं की रचना धातु के मूल के अन्त में अ, अन्त, आ, आई, आन, आप, आपा, आव, आवा, आस, आवना, आवनी, आवट, आहट, ई, औता, औती, औवल, औनी, क, की, गी, त, ती, न, नी इत्यादि प्रत्ययों को जोड़ने से होती है। उदाहरणार्थ-
प्रत्ययधातुभाववाचक संज्ञाएँ
भरभार
अन्तभिड़भिड़न्त
फेरफेरा
आईलड़लड़ाई
आनउठउठान
आपमिलमिलाप
आपापूजपुजापा
आवखिंचखिंचाव
आवाभूलभुलावा
आसनिकसनिकास
आवनापापावना
आवनीपापावनी
आवटसजसजावट
आहटचिल्लचिल्लाहट
बोलबोली
औतासमझसमझौता
औतीमानमनौती
औवलभूलभुलौवल
औनीपीसपिसौनी
बैठबैठक
कीबैठबैठकी
गीदेनदेनगी
खपखपत
तीचढ़चढ़ती
देदेन
नीचाटचटनी
करणवाचक संज्ञाएँ
करणवाचक कृदन्तीय संज्ञाएँ बनाने के लिए धातु के अन्त में आ, आनी, ई, ऊ, औटी, न, ना, नी इत्यादि प्रत्यय लगते हैं। उदाहरणार्थ-
प्रत्ययधातुकरणवाचक संज्ञाएँ
झूलझूला
आनीमथमथानी
रेतरेती
झाड़झाड़ू
औटीकसकसौटी
बेलबेलन
नाबेलबेलना
नीबेलबेलनी
कर्तृवाचक कृदन्त-विशेषण
कर्तृवाचक कृदन्त-विशेषण बनाने के लिए धातु के अन्त में अंकू, आऊ, आक, आका, आड़ी, आलू, इया, इयल, एरा, ऐत, आकू, अक्कड़, वन, वाला, वैया, सार, हार, हारा इत्यादि प्रत्यय लगाये जाते हैं। उदाहरणार्थ-
प्रत्ययधातुविशेषण
आऊटिकटिकाऊ
आकतैरतैराक
आकालड़लड़का
आड़ीखेलखिलाड़ी
आलूझगड़झगड़ालू
इयाबढ़बढ़िया
इयलअड़अड़ियल
इयलमरमरियल
ऐतलड़लड़ैत
ऐयाबचबचैया
ओड़हँसहँसोड़
ओड़ाभागभगोड़ा
अक्कड़पीपिअक्कड़
वनसुहासुहावन
वालापढ़पढ़नेवाला
वैयागागवैया
सारमिलमिलनसार
हाररखराखनहार
हारारोरोवनहारा
क्रियाद्योतक विशेषण
क्रियाद्योतक कृदन्त-विशेषण बनाने में आ, ता आदि प्रत्ययों का प्रयोग होता है। 'आ' भूतकाल का और 'ता' वर्तमानकाल का प्रत्यय है।
अतः क्रियाद्योतक कृदन्त-विशेषण के दो भेद है- (i) वर्तमानकाल क्रियाद्योतककृदन्त-विशेषण, और (ii) भूतकालिक क्रियाद्योतक कृदन्त-विशेषण। इनके उदाहरण इस प्रकार है-
वर्तमानकालिक विशेषण-
प्रत्ययधातुवर्तमानकालिक विशेषण
ताबहबहता
तामरमरता
तागागाता
भूतकालिक विशेषण-
प्रत्ययधातुभूतकालिक विशेषण
पढ़पढ़ा
धोधोया
गागाया
(2)तद्धित प्रत्यय:- संज्ञा सर्वनाम और विशेषण के अन्त में लगनेवाले प्रत्यय को 'तद्धित' कहा जाता है और उनके मेल से बने शब्द को 'तद्धितान्त'।
जैसे- मानव + ता =मानवता
अच्छा+ आई =अच्छाई
अपना +पन=अपनापन
एक +ता =एकता
ड़का + पन = लडकपन
मम + ता = ममता
अपना + पन = अपनत्व
कृत-प्रत्यय क्रिया या धातु के अन्त में लगता है, जबकि तद्धित प्रत्यय संज्ञा, सर्वनाम और विशेषण के अन्त में। तद्धित और कृत-प्रत्यय में यही अन्तर है। उपसर्ग की तरह तद्धित-प्रत्यय भी तीन स्रोतों- संस्कृत, हिंदी और उर्दू- से आकर हिन्दी शब्दों की रचना में सहायक हुए है। नीचे इनके उदाहरण दिये गए है।
संस्कृत के तद्धित-प्रत्यय -
प्रत्ययसंज्ञा-विशेषणतद्धितान्तवाचक
कुरुकौरवअपत्य
शिवशौवसंबंध
निशानैशगुण, सम्बन्ध
मुनिमौनभाव
आयनरामरामायणस्थान
इकतर्कतार्किकजानेवाला
इतपुष्पपुष्पितगुण
पक्षपक्षीगुण
ईनकुलकुलीनगुण
बालबालकउन
अंशतःअंशतःरीति
अंशजनजनतासमाहर
मध्यमध्यमगुण
तनअद्यअद्यतनकाल-सम्बन्ध
तःअंशअंशतःरीति
तालघुलघुताभाव
ताजनजनतासमाहार
त्यपश्र्चापाश्र्चात्यसम्बन्ध
त्रअन्यअन्यत्रस्थान
त्वगुरुगुरुत्वभाव
थाअन्यअन्यथारीति
दासर्वसर्वदाकाल
धाशतशतधाप्रकार
निष्ठकर्मकर्मनिष्ठकर्तृ, सम्बन्ध
मध्यमध्यमगुण
मान्बुद्धिबुद्धिमान्गुण
मयकाष्ठकाष्ठमयविकार
मयजलजलमयव्याप्ति
मीवाक्वाग्मीकर्तृ
मधुरमाधुर्यभाव
दितिदैत्यअपत्य
ग्रामग्राम्यसम्बन्ध
मधुमधुरगुण
वत्सवत्सलगुण
लुनिद्रानिद्रालुगुण
वान्धनधनवान्गुण
वीमायामायावीगुण
रोमरोमेशगुण
कर्ककर्कशस्वभाव
सात्भस्मभस्मसात्विकार
अब इन प्रत्ययों द्वारा विभित्र वाचक संज्ञाओं और विशेषणों से विभित्र वाचक संज्ञाओं और विशेषणों के निर्माण के प्रकार देखें
जातिवाचक से भाववाचक संज्ञाएँ- संस्कृत की तत्सम जातिवाचक संज्ञाओं के अन्त में तद्धित प्रत्यय लगाकर भाववाचक संज्ञाएँ बनती हैं। इसके उदाहरण इस प्रकार है-
तद्धित प्रत्ययसंज्ञाभाववाचक संज्ञा
ताशत्रुशत्रुता
तावीरवीरता
त्वगुरुगुरुत्व
त्वमनुष्यमनुष्यत्व
मुनिमौन
पण्डितपाण्डित्य
इमारक्तरक्तिमा
व्यक्तिवाचक से अपत्यवाचक संज्ञाएँ- अपत्यवाचक संज्ञाएँ किसी नाम के अन्त में तद्धित-प्रत्यय जोड़ने से बनती हैं। अपत्यवाचक संज्ञाओं के कुछ उदाहरण ये हैं-
तद्धित-प्रत्ययव्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञाएँअपत्यवाचक संज्ञाएँ
वसुदेववासुदेव
मनुमानव
कुरुकौरव
पृथापार्थ
पाण्डुपाण्डव
दितिदैत्य
आयनबदरबादरायण
एयराधाराधेय
एयकुन्तीकौन्तेय
विशेषण से भाववाचक संज्ञाएँ- विशेषण के अन्त में संस्कृत के निम्नलिखित तद्धित-प्रत्ययों के मेल से निम्नलिखित भाववाचक संज्ञाएँ बनती हैं-
तद्धित-प्रत्ययविशेषणभाववाचक संज्ञाएँ
ताबुद्धिमान्बुद्धिमत्ता
तामूर्खमूर्खता
ताशिष्टशिष्टता
इमारक्तरक्तिमा
इमाशुक्लशुक्लिमा
त्ववीरवीरत्व
त्वलघुलघुत्व
गुरुगौरव
लघुलाघव
संज्ञा से विशेषण- संज्ञाओं के अन्त में संस्कृत के गुण, भाव या सम्बन्ध के वाचक तद्धित-प्रत्ययों को जोड़कर विशेषण भी बनते हैं। उदाहरणार्थ-
प्रत्ययसंज्ञाविशेषण
निशानैश
तालुतालव्य
ग्रामग्राम्य
इकमुखमौखिक
इकलोकलौकिक
मयआनन्दआनन्दमय
मयदयादयामय
इतआनन्दआनन्दित
इतफलफलित
इष्ठबलबलिष्ठ
निष्ठकर्मकर्मनिष्ठ
मुखमुखर
मधुमधुर
इमरक्तरक्तिम
ईनकुलकुलीन
मांसमांसल
वीमेधामेधावी
इलतन्द्रातन्द्रिल
लुतन्द्रातन्द्रालु
हिंदी के तद्धित-प्रत्यय (Nominal suffixes)
ऊपर संस्कृत के तत्सम शब्दों के साथ तद्धित-प्रत्यय लगाकर संज्ञा और विशेषण बनाये गये हैं। अब हम हिंदी के तद्धव शब्दों के अन्त में तद्धित-प्रत्यय लगाकर संज्ञा और विशेषण बनायेंगे। हिंदी के तद्धित-प्रत्यय ये है- आ, आई, ताई, आऊ, आका, आटा, आन, आनी, आयत आर, आरी आरा, आलू, आस आह, इन, ई, ऊ, ए, ऐला एला, ओ, ओट, ओटा औटी, औती, ओला, क, की, जा, टा, टी, त, ता, ती, नी, पन, री, ला, ली, ल, वंत, वाल, वा, स, सरा, सा, हरा, हला, इत्यादि।
तद्धित-प्रत्यय शब्दों के अनेक रूप है-
(1) भाववाचक (2)ऊनवाचक (3)कर्तृृवाचक (4)संबंधवाचक और (5) विशेषण प्रमुख हैं। इनके उदाहरण इस प्रकार है-
भाववाचक तद्धितान्त संज्ञाएँ
भाववाचक तद्धित-प्रत्यय हैं- आ, आयँध, आई, आन, आयत, आरा, आवट, आस, आहट, ई, एरा, औती, त, ती, पन, पा, स इत्यादि। जैसे-
प्रत्ययसंज्ञा-विशेषणभाववाचक संज्ञाएँ
चूरचूरा
आईचतुरचतुराई
आनचौड़ाचौड़ान
आयतअपनाअपनायत, अपनापन
आराछूटछुटकारा
आसमीठामिठास
आहटकड़वाकड़वाहट
खेतखेती
एराअन्धअँधेरा
औतीबापबपौती
रंगरंगत
पनकालाकालापन
पनलड़कालड़कपन
पाबूढाबुढ़ापा
ऊनवाचक तद्धितान्त संज्ञाए
ऊनवाचक संज्ञाएँ से वस्तु की लघुता, प्रियता, हीनता इत्यादि के भाव व्यक्त होता हैं।
ऊनवाचक तद्धित-प्रत्यय हैं- आ, इया, ई, ओला, क, की, टा, टी, ड़ा, ड़ी, री, ली, वा, सा इत्यादि। प्रत्ययों के साथ उदाहरण इस प्रकार हैं-
प्रत्ययसंज्ञा-विशेषणऊनवाचक संज्ञाएँ
ठाकुरठकुरा
इयाखाटखटिया
ढोलकढोलकी
ओलासाँपसँपोला
ढोलढोलक
कीकनकनकी
टाचोरचोट्टा
टीबहूबहुटी
ड़ाबाछाबछड़ा
ड़ीटाँगटँगड़ी
रीकोठाकोठरी
लीटीकाटिकली
वाबच्चाबचवा
सामरामरा-सा
सम्बन्धवाचक तद्धितान्त संज्ञाएँ
सम्बन्धवाचक तद्धित-प्रत्यय है- आल, हाल, ए, एरा, एल, औती, जा इत्यादि। संज्ञा के अन्त में इन प्रत्ययों को लगाकर सम्बन्धवाचक संज्ञाएँ बनायी जाती हैं। जैसे-
प्रत्ययसंज्ञा-विशेषणसम्बन्धवाचक संज्ञाएँ
आलससुरससुराल
हालनानाननिहाल
औतीबापबपौती
जाभाईभतीजा
एरामामाममेरा
एलनाकनकेल
कर्तृवाचक तद्धितान्त संज्ञाएँ
संज्ञा के अन्त में आर, इया, ई, एरा, हारा, इत्यादि तद्धित-प्रत्यय लगाकर कर्तृवाचक तद्धितान्त संज्ञाएँ बनायी जाती हैं। जैसे-
प्रत्ययसंज्ञा-विशेषणकर्तृवाचक संज्ञाएँ
आरसोनासुनार
आरलोहालुहार
तमोलतमोली
तेलतेली
हारालकड़ीलकरहारा
एरासाँपसँपेरा
एराकाँसाकसेरा
तद्धितीय विशेषण
संज्ञा के अन्त में आ, आना, आर, आल, ई, ईला, उआ, ऊ, एरा, एड़ी, ऐल, ओं, वाला, वी, वाँ, वंत, हर, हरा, हला, हा इत्यादि तद्धित-प्रत्यय लगाकर विशेषण बनते हैं। उदाहरण निम्नलिखित हैं-
प्रत्ययसंज्ञाविशेषण
भूखभूखा
आनाहिन्दूहिन्दुआना
आरदूधदुधार
आलदयादयाल
देहातदेहाती
बाजारबाजारू
एराचाचाचचेरा
एरामामाममेरा
हाभूतभुतहा
हरासोनासुनहरा
उर्दू के तद्धित-प्रत्यय
बहुतेरे उर्दू शब्द हिंदी में प्रयुक्त होते है। ये शब्द ये फारसी, अरबी, और तुर्की के है।
फारसी तद्धित -प्रत्यय के तीन प्रकार होते है-
संज्ञात्मक, विशेषणात्मक, अरबी तद्धित-प्रत्यय
संज्ञात्मक फारसी तद्धित-प्रत्यय
प्रत्ययमूलशब्दसपरतीय शब्दवाचक
सफेदसफेदाभाववाचक
खराबखराबाभाववाचक
कारकाश्तकाश्तकारकतृवाचक
गारमददमददगारकतृवाचक
ईचाबागबगीचास्थितिवाचक
दानकलमकलमदानस्थितिवाचक
विशेषणात्मक फारसी तद्धित-प्रत्यय
प्रत्ययमूलशब्दसपरतीय शब्दप्रत्ययार्थ
आनामर्दमर्दानास्वभाव
इन्दाशर्मशर्मिन्दासंज्ञा
नाकदर्ददर्दनाकगुण
आसमानआसमानीविशेषण
ईनाकमकमीनउनार्थ
ईनामाहमहीनासंज्ञा
जादाहरामहरामजादाअपत्य
अरबी तद्धित-प्रत्यय
प्रत्ययमूलशब्दसपरतीय शब्दवाचक
आनीजिस्मजिस्मानीविशेषण
इयतइंसानइंसानियतभाव
बेगबेगमस्त्री
इतिहास या स्रोत के आधार पर हिन्दी प्रत्ययों को चार वर्गो में विभाजित किया जाता है-
(1)तत्सम प्रत्यय
(2)तद्भव प्रत्यय
(3) देशज प्रत्यय
(4) विदेशज प्रत्यय
(1)तत्सम प्रत्यय
प्रत्ययबोधक/अर्थउदाहरण
-आस्त्री प्रत्यय; भाववाचक संज्ञा प्रत्ययआदरणीया, प्रिया, माननीया, सुता, इच्छा, पूजा
-आनीस्त्री प्रत्ययदेवरानी, भवानी, मेहतरानी
-आलुविशेषण प्रत्यय, वालाकृपालु, दयालु, निद्रालु, श्रद्धालु
-इतविशेषण प्रत्यय, युक्तपल्लवित, पुष्पित, फलित, हर्षित
-इमाभाववाचक संज्ञा प्रत्ययगरिमा, नीलिमा, मधुरिमा, महिमा
-इकविशेषण व संज्ञा प्रत्ययदैनिक, वैज्ञानिक, वैदिक, लौकिक
-कस्वार्थ, समूहघटक, ठंडक, शतक, सप्तक
-कारलिखने या बनाने वाला; वालापत्रकार, जानकर
-जजन्मा हुआअंडज, जलज, पंकज, पिंडज, देशज, विदेशज
-जीवीजीनेवालापरजीवी, बुद्धिजीवी, लघुजीवी, दीर्घजीवी
-ज्ञजाननेवालाअज्ञ, मर्मज्ञ, विज्ञ, सर्वज्ञ
-तःक्रिया विशेषण प्रत्ययमुख्यतया, विशेषतया, सामान्ततया
-तरतुलना बोधक प्रत्ययउच्चतर, निम्नतर, सुन्दरतर, श्रेष्ठतर
-तमसर्वाधिकता बोधक प्रत्ययउच्चतम, निकृष्टतम, महत्तम, लघुतम
-ताभाववाचक संज्ञा प्रत्ययनवीनता, मधुरता, सुन्दरता
-त्वभाववाचक संज्ञा प्रत्ययकृतित्व, ममत्व, महत्व, सतीत्व
-मानविशेषण वाचक प्रत्ययउच्चतम, निकृष्टतम, महत्तम, लघुतम
-वानवालागुणवान, धनवान, बलवान, रूपवान
(2)तद्भव प्रत्यय
प्रत्ययबोधक/अर्थउदाहरण
-अंगड़वालाबतंगड़
अंतूवालारटंतू, घुमंतू
-अतसंज्ञा प्रत्ययखपत, पढ़त, रंगत, लिखत
-आँधसंज्ञा प्रत्ययबिषांध, सराँध
-आभाववाचकजोड़ा, फोड़ा, झगड़ा, रगड़ा
-आईभाववाचक प्रत्ययकठिनाई, बुराई, सफाई
-आऊवालाखाऊ, टिकाऊ, पंडिताऊ, बिकाऊ
आप/आपाभाववाचक प्रत्ययमिलाप, अपनापा, पुजापा, बुढ़ापा
-आर/आरा/आरीकरनेवालाकुम्हार, लुहार, चमार, घसियारा, पुजारी, भिखारी
-आलूकरनेवालाझगड़ालू, दयालु
-आवटभाववाचक प्रत्ययकसावट, बनावट, बिनावट, लिखावट, सजावट
-आसइच्छावाचक प्रत्ययछपास, प्यास, लिखा, निकास
-आहट/-आहतभाववाचक प्रत्ययगड़गड़ाहट, घबराहट, चिल्लाहट, भलमनसाहत
-इनस्त्री प्रत्ययजुलाहिन, ठकुराइन, तेलिन, पुजारिन
-इयावाला; लघुत्व, बोधक; स्त्री प्रत्ययचुटिया, चुहिया, डिबिया, कनौजिया, भोजपुरिया
-इलावालाचमकीला, पथरीला, शर्मीला
-एरावालाचचेरा, फुफेरा, बहुतेरा, ममेरा
-औड़ा/-औड़ीलिंगवाचकपकौड़ी, सेवड़ा, रेवड़ी
-त/-ताभाववाचक, कर्मवाचकचाहत, मिल्लत, आता, खाता, जाता, सोता
-पनभाववाचक प्रत्ययछुटपन, बचपन, बड़प्पन, पागलपन
-वालाकर्तृवाचक, विशेषणअपनेवाला, ऊपरवाला, खानेवाला, जानेवाला, लालवाला
(3) देशज प्रत्यय
प्रत्ययबोधक/अर्थउदाहरण
-अक्कड़वालाघुमक्कड़, पियक्कड़, भुलक्कड़
-अड़स्वार्थिकअंधड़, भुक्खड़
-आकभाववाचकखर्राटा, फर्राटा
-इयलवालाअड़ियल, दढ़ियल, सड़ियल
(4) विदेशज प्रत्यय
(i) अरबी-फारसी प्रत्यय
प्रत्ययबोधक/अर्थउदाहरण
-आभाववाचकसफेदा, खराबा
-आनाभाववाचक विशेषणवाचक जुर्माना, दस्ताना, मर्दाना, मस्ताना
-आनीसंबंधवाचकजिस्मानी, बर्फ़ानी, रूहानी
-कारकरनेवालाकाश्तकार, दस्तकार, सलाहकार, पेशकार
-खोरखानेवालागमखोर, घूसखोर, रिश्वतखोर, हरामखोर
-गारकरनेवालापरहेजगार, मददगार, यादगार, रोजगार
-गीभाववाचकसंज्ञा प्रत्ययगन्दगी, जिन्दगी, बंदगी -चा/ची वाला देगचा, बगीचा, इलायची, डोलची, संदूकची
-दानस्थिति वाचकइत्रदान, कलमदान, पीकदान
-दारवालाईमानदार, कर्जदार, दूकानदार, मालदार
-नाकवालाखतरनाक, खौफनाक, दर्दनाक, शर्मनाक
-बानवाला दरबान, बागबान, मेजबानअज्ञ, मर्मज्ञ, विज्ञ, सर्वज्ञ
-मंदवालाअक्लमंद, जरूरतमंद
(ii) अंग्रेजी प्रत्यय
प्रत्ययबोधक/अर्थउदाहरण
-इज्मवाद/मतकम्युनिज्म, बुद्धिज्म, सोशलिज्म
-इस्टवादी/व्यक्तिकम्युनिस्ट, बुद्धिस्ट, सोशलिष्ट

Lord Gautama Buddha

Lord Gautama Buddha


Gautam Buddha, a sage, is popularly known as Budhha. But, his actual name was Siddhartha Gautama. Another name is Shakyamuni. Based on his teachings only, Buddhism was found and for this reason only he is called Buddha. He is preached today as well, especially in countries like Thailand, Nepal etc.

He was born in the Himalayas in Shakya Republic. He is believed to have lived mostly in eastern India sometime between fourth and sixth centuries. Gautama taught Middle Way between sensual indulgence and the severe asceticism found in the Sramana (renunciation) movement common in his region. He later taught throughout regions of eastern India such as Magadha and Kośala.

William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare


William Shakespeare was born on 26th April 1564, in Stratford. He was widely regarded as English poet, playwright and actor. He still remains the noble writer in the English language and best writer of tragedies. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His contributions to literature are in the form of plays, sonnets, short poems, long narrative poems, tragedy verses and much more. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.

Childhood
William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avong. He was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover, and Mary Arden.

Chanda Kochhar

Chanda Kochhar


Chanda Kochhar was born on 17th November 1966 in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. She is the managing director (MD) and chief executive officer (CEO) of ICICI Bank. She is responsible for ICICI Bank's diverse operations in India and overseas. Along with her responsibilities for ICICI Group, she is a member of the Prime Minister's Council on Trade & Industry, the Board of Trade, High-Level Committee on Financing Infrastructure, US-India CEO Forum and UK-India CEO Forum. Kochhar is also a member of the boards of the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, National Institute of Securities Markets, Institute of International Finance and International Monetary Conference. She was co-chair of the World Economic Forum's Annual Meeting in 2011.

Indira Gandhi

Indira Gandhi


Indira Gandhi (birth name: Indira Nehru) was born on 19th November 1917, in Allahabad. She became the fourth Prime Minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and then in 1980 until her death. Till date, she is the only woman to hold the Prime Ministerial position of India. She even imposed the state of emergency in some states of India from 1975 to 1977.

Childhood
Indira Gandhi was born in a Kashmiri Pandit family to Jawaharlal Nehru, who led the struggle for Independence of India and became India’s first Prime Minister, and Kamla Nehru. Being the only child she led to her childhood being lonely and unhappy. Her father was busy in India’s fight for freedom and usually was away. Her mother remained almost ill and was bed ridden, who suffered an early demise.

Sikh Founder Guru Nanak Dev Ji

Sikh Founder Guru Nanak Dev Ji


The founder of Sikhism and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus is our own Guru Nanak Dev ji. He is preached till date only because of his teaching and therefore, was given the name ‘Guru’. His core teaching says that we are on this earth as human beings and the purpose of a human being is to do good deeds at first and rest everything afterwards. Purity of thoughts and actions lead to a peaceful and prosperous environment. He is considered hoy not only by Sikhs but also by Punjabi Hindus as well as Muslims due his close connections with Hazrat Sheikh Farid-ud-din Ganj Shakar, the Punjabi Sufi saint. His birth is celebrated world-wide on Kartik Puranmashi, the full-moon day which falls on different dates each year 9tithis according to Hindi calendar) in the month of Katak, October–November.

Leonardo Da Vinci

Leonardo Da Vinci


Leonardo Da Vinci (full name: Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci) was born on 15th April 1452 in the Tuscan hill town of Vinci in The Republic of Florence. He does not have a surname and his name means “Leonardo of Vinci”. He was public figure of the Italian Renaissance time. Throughout his life he has worked as painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, mathematician and inventor. Other than that, his work of interest made him anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, writer and musician.

Childhood
Leonardo is said to have born out-of-wedlock to a wealthy Father Messer Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci, a Florentine legal notary and mother Caterina, a peasant. He spent his initial five years at his mother’s home in Anchiano and later lived with his father, grandparents and uncle, Francesco, in the small town of Vinci.

Malcolm X

Malcolm X


Malcolm X (real name: Malcolm Little) was born on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. He was also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz. He was an African-American Muslim minister and a human rights activist. His admirers call him a courageous advocate for the rights of blacks, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history.

Childhood
Malcolm Little was born to mother Louise Little and father Earl Little. When Little was 6, his father was killed in a street car accident, which was rumored to be an act by white racists. Malcolm X later said that violence by whites killed three of his father's brothers.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: Iron Man

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: Iron Man


The iron man of India, Sardar Vallabhai Patel was born on October 31st, 1875. He is a historical figure of great inspiration, one of the founding fathers of Republic of India and a prominent leader of Indian National Congress. He was a person of independent nature. He is addressed as ‘Sardar’, which means Chief in Hindi.

Childhood
Sardar Vallabhai Patel was born on October 31, 1875. As a child he used to live in the village of Karamsad, Bombay Presidency. He was the fourth child of his parents and had five siblings. As a child, Patel helped his father in the fields and twice a month kept a day-long fast, abstaining from food and water that he believed helped him to develop physical toughness.

Thomas Edison

Thomas Edison


Thomas Alva Edison was born on February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio. He was an American inventor and businessman. He was known to be the wizards of inventions holding 1093 US patents in his name and as many patents in UK, France and Germany. His famous inventions are namely – phonograph, motion picture camera and long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. He was also credited for first industrial research laboratory. He was also responsible for generating electricity to be used in houses and industries at mass scale.

Childhood
Thomas Edison was born to father Samuel Ogden Edison Jr. and mother Nancy Matthews Elliot. Edison didn’t continue his school education and much of his learning came from his mother only. He constantly followed reading R.G. Parker's School of Natural Philosophy and The Cooper Union.

Mukesh Ambani

Mukesh Ambani


Mukesh Dhirubhai Ambani was born on 19th April 1957, to Dhirubhai Ambani and Kokilaben. He is Chairman and MD of Reliance Industry Limited, India’s second most valuable company. RIL deals mainly in refining, petrochemicals, and in the oil and gas sectors. Reliance Retail Ltd., another subsidiary, is the largest retailer in India. Mukesh Ambani was also on the board of directors of Bank of America Corporation and the international advisory board of the Council on Foreign Relations. He also served as the Chairman of the Board of Indian Institute of Management Bangalore.

Education
Mukesh Ambani completed his schooling from the Hill Grange High School in Mumbai. Later he received BE degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Mumbai. Mukesh Ambani, for his higher studies, enrolled for an MBA from Stanford University but from there he dropped out to help his father build Reliance, which at that time was still a small but rapidly growing enterprise.

Robert Frost

Robert Frost


Robert Lee Frost was born on March 26, 1874 in San Francisco, California. He was a noted and critically respected American Poet of 20th Century. Majority of his work had been published in England as well as America. He is still known for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command over colloquial speech. In the early twentieth century, most of his work revolved around rural life in New England which he used to examine complex social and philosophical themes.

Childhood
Robert Frost was born to journalist father William Prescott Frost, Jr. and mother Isabelle Moodie. After William’s death in May 1885, the family moved to Lawrence, Massachusetts.

Mark Twain

Mark Twain


“Mark Twain” is the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri. He was a famous American author and is known for humor put in his work. The two accredited work of him are “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” in 1876 and “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” in 1885.

Childhood
Mark Twain was the son of mother Jane, a native of Kentucky, and father John Marshall Clemens, a Virginian by birth. When he was 4, family moved to Hannibal, Missouri a port town on the Mississippi River. Hannibal inspired him to create the fictional town of St. Petersburg in his two famous works.

Anna Hazare

Anna Hazare


Anna Hazare (full name: Kisan Baburao Hazare), was born on 15th June 1937. He is an Indian social activist who works for the upliftment of rural areas and tries eliminating corruption from its grass-root level. He is a follower of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. He has served Indian army during 1965 Indo Pak war. He became the crusader for right to information act. His journey has been remarkable spanning over four decades and that too non-violently. He is responsible for transforming his village Ralegan Siddhi and made it as a role model for other villages to follow. He empowered grampanchayats and protected honest officers to make the governance more effective in the villages.

Childhood
He was born in Bhingar near Ahmednagar, to father Baburao Hazare and mother Laxmi Bai. Parents with two daughters and five sons make the complete family. His childhood was not a cakewalk for him due to financial crises at home. Because of this reason only, he could attend school only upto seventh standard and his siblings never attended school. He started selling flowers at the railway station in Mumbai and then raised to open a flower shop. At the age of 23, he joined Indian Army.

Rani Lakshmi Bai

Rani Lakshmi Bai


The queen of Jhansi, Rani Lakshmi Bai was born on 19th November 1828. She was one of the strong, courageous and prominent personas of the first war of India's independence that started in 1857. She set an example for the rest.

Childhood
Rani Laxmi Bai was born to Moropant Tambe and Bhagirathi Sapre (Bhagirathi Bai) in a Marathi Brahmin family in Varanasi. Her real name was Manikarnika. Her pet name was Manu. Her mother, Bhagirathi Bai died when she was only four years old. As a result, her father took the responsibility of her a as a child.

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Michelangelo Buonarroti


Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (commonly known as “Michelangelo”) was born on 6th March 1475. He was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance. He was responsible for influencing and development of the Western art. He was considered for the title of archetypal Renaissance man, as he showed versatility in arts and other forays.

Childhood
Michelangelo was born in Caprese near Arezzo, Tuscany. He was born to father Ludovico di Leonardo Buonarroti Simoni, who was at a government post in Caprese, and mother Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena. After Michelangelo's birth, the family returned to Florence, where Michelangelo was raised. At later times, during his mother's prolonged illness and after her death in 1481, when he was just six years old, Michelangelo lived with a stonecutter and his wife and family in the town of Settignano, where his father owned a marble quarry and a small farm.

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru


Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, was born on 14th November, 1889. He became the first Prime Minister of Independent India. One of the most prominent leaders of India, he took India to the heights of growth. He ruled the independent nation until he died. He is the crusader and architect of the nation, a sovereign, socialist, secure and democratic republic. He was a popular figure in Indian politics. Transition of India from monarch to republic was during his rule only. Under his direction and guidance and leadership, Congress as a party emerged and won all the elections in the all the consecutive years 1951, 1957 as well as in 1962. He handled all political troubles efficiently and even got succeeded. His birthday is celebrated as Children’s Day only for the reason that he loved children, he was fond of children.

Narendra Damodardas Modi

Narendra Damodardas Modi

Narendra Damodardas Modi was born on 17th September, 1950 in Vadnagar in Mehsana district of Gujarat, India. He is 15th and current Prime Minister of India. Narendra Modi, the leader of BJP, had also served as Chief Minister of Gujarat for 14 long years from 2001-2014.

Childhood
At very early age he started helping his father to sell tea at Vadnagar railway station. And as he grew up, at teenage he with the help of his brother ran tea stall near bus terminal. At the age of 8 years he came in contact with RSS and started attending its local shakhas. During this time Modi was inducted as a ‘balswayamsevak’, a junior cadet in RSS.

Amitabh Bachchan

Amitabh Bachchan



Amitabh Harivansh Bachchan was born on 11th October, 1942. The legendary Indian film actor is also known as ‘Big B’. His career was on rise since 1970’s when he was called as “angry young man’ after his performance in movies like Deewar and Zanjeer. Data says he had done over 180 Indian movies spanning over four decades. He is the most reputed, talented and influential personalities in the history of Indian Cinema.

Childhood
Amitabh Bacchan was born to Harivansh Rai Bachchan (the famous poet of all times) and Teji Bachchan in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. He was first named as Inquilaab but later his father changed his name to Amitabh – the light that will never die. Though his actual surname is ‘Shrivastava’, but since his father took the pen-name Bachchan he gave the same to his family members. His sibling is his younger brother, Ajitabh Bachchan.

Rabindranath Tagore

Rabindranath Tagore


Rabindranath Tagore was born on 7th May 1861, in the Jorasanko mansion in Calcutta, India. He was the man who rejuvenated the Bengali music and literature in late 19th and early 20th century and them their recognition into this world. He was the first non-European to win Noble Prize for his work in Literature. He is the person who gave national anthem of India and Bangladesh. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced) and Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are some of his best known works.

Childhood
Rabindranath Tagore belongs to a Royal family of that era, the loyalist "Prince" Dwarkanath Tagore, who employed European estate managers and visited with Victoria and other royalty, was his paternal grandfather. He was raised mostly by servants, as he lost his mother at very early age, and his father mostly have official trips outside the city. In his childhood days, Rabindranath avoided the classroom schooling, rather he liked to roam the manor or nearby Bolpur and Panihati. And it is surprising that he didn’t like English much during his childhood days.

Bill Gates

Bill Gates


Bill Gates (real name: William Henry “Bill” Gates, III) was born on 28th October 1955, to a middle-class family in Seattle, Washington. He is a man with many colors, the business magnate, the philanthropist, the investor, the computer programmer, and the inventor. Bill gates founded the world’s largest personal computer software company- Microsoft with Paul Allen on 4th April 1975. He is former CEO and chairman of Microsoft which is now succeeded by Satya Nadella on 4th February 2014. Constantly, Bill Gates is taking top 3 positions in Forbes list of wealthiest person in the world from 1995 to till date.

Education
Bill Gates graduated from Lakeside School in 1973 and for further studies enrolled to Harvard College in 1973.

सामान्य ज्ञान प्रश्नोत्तरी (GK Questionnaire)-15

सामान्य ज्ञान प्रश्नोत्तरी (GK Questionnaire)-15


1. संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के इतिहास में एकमात्र अनिर्वाचित राष्ट्रपति थे
उत्तर : फोर्ड
2. भारत ने अपना पहला परमाणु परीक्षण किया था
उत्तर : 18 मई, 1964 को
3. भारतीय संसद पर आतंकवादी हमला हुआ था
उत्तर : 13 दिसम्बर, 2001 को
4. UNO के चार्टर पर हस्ताक्षर हुए थे
उत्तर : सन फ्रांसिस्को सम्मेलन में
5. सोवियत संघ का विघटन हुआ था
उत्तर : दिसम्बर, 1991 में
6. वह देश है जहाँ मृत शरीर को हजारों साल संरक्षित रखा जाता है
उत्तर : मिस्र

भारत में कृषि (Agriculture in India)

भारत में कृषि (Agriculture in India)



1. नगदी की फसल कौन-कौन सी हैं?
उत्तर : चावल
2. किस क्षेत्र को ‘चावल का कटोरा’ कहा जाता है?
उत्तर : कृष्णा और गोदावरी के क्षेत्र को
3. भारत का सबसे अधिक खाद्यान्न उत्पनन करने वाला राज्य कौन-सा है?
उत्तर : उत्तर प्रदेश
4. भारत में सबसे अधिक कौन-सी फसल उगाई जाती है?
उत्तर : धान
5. हरित क्रांति का जनक किसे माना जाता है?
उत्तर : 1967-68 ई.
6. हरित क्रांति का जनक किसे माना जाता है?
उत्तर : एम. एस. स्वामीनाथन