Scientific Instruments-2

Scientific Instruments-2

• Altimeter: An instrument used for measuring altitudes in aircraft.
• Ammeter: An instrument for measuring electrical currents in amperes.
• Anemometer: An instrument for measuring the force and velocity of wind.
• Audiometer: An instrument for measuring the intensity of sound.
• Audiophone: An instrument for improving imperfect sense of hearing.
• Barometer: An apparatus used for measuring the atmospheric pres-sure. It is of 2 types: Aneroid and Fortin’s Barometer.
• Calorimeter: An instrument used for measuring quantities of heat.
• Carburettor: An apparatus used in an internal combustion engine for charging air with petrol vapour.
• Cardiograph: A medical instrument for tracing heart movements.
• Chronometer: An instrument kept on board ships for measuring accurate time.
• Cinematography: It contains a series of lenses arranged to throw on screen an enlarged image of photographs.
• Crescograph: It was invented by J.C. Bose. It is used for measuring growth in plants.
• Dip Circle: An instrument for determining the angle between the direction of the resultant intensity of earth’s field and the horizontal component at a plane. This particular angle is known as the dip of that place.
• Drinker’s Apparatus: An instrument used to help breathing in infantile paralysis.
• Dynamo: The origin of electricity in a dynamo is the transformation of mechanical energy into electrical energy.
• Electrometer: It is an instrument for measuring electricity.
• Eudiometer: A glass tube for measuring volume changes in chemical reactions between gases.
• Evaporimeter: Cumulative Pan Evaporimeter used to measure water evaporation through sunlights.
• Galvanometer: An instrument for measuring electric currents of small magnitude.
• Hygroscope: An instrument used to illustrate dynamics of rotating bodies; a type of spinning wheel fixed to the axle.
• Hydrometer: An instrument used for measuring the specific gravity of liquids.
• Hydrophone: An instrument for recording sound under water.
• Hygrometer: An instrument for measuring humidity in air.
• Lactometer: It is used for testing the purity of milk.
• Manometer: An instrument for determining the pressure of a gas.
• Mariner’s compass: An apparatus used by sailors to tell them the direction. The needle always points north south.
• Microphone: An instrument for converting sound waves into electrical vibrations and thus to magnify the sound.
• Microscope: An instrument used for mangifying minute objects by a lens system.
• Odometer: An instrument by which the distance covered by wheeled vehicles is measured.
• Phonograph: An instrument for reproducing sound.
• Photometer: It is an instrument for measuring the intensity of light; a device for comparing the luminous intensity of sources of light.
• Polarimeter: An instrument used for measuring optical activity.
• Potentiometer: It is used for comapring electromotive force (e.m.f.) of cells measurement of the thermal e.m.f. large potential differences and currents.
• Pyrometer: An instrument for recording high temperatures from a great distance.
• Radar: It is an abbreviated form of Radio, Angle, Direction and Range. It is used for detecting the direction and range of an approaching plane by means of radio microwaves.
• Rain Gauge: An apparatus for recording rainfall at a particular place.
• Radiometer: An instrument for measuring the emission of radiant energy.
• Refractometer: An instrument to measure refractive indexes.
• Saccharimeter: An instrument for determining the amount of sugar in a solution. It is used in breweries.
• Seismometer or Seismograph: An instrument for recording earth-quake shocks.
• Sextant: An instrument invented by John Hadley used for measuring the altitude of the sun and other heavenly bodies.
• Spectrometer: An instrument for measuring the energy distribution of a particular type of radiation.
• Speedometer: An instrument which indicates the speed at which a vehicle is moving.
• Spherometer: An instrument for measuring curvature of surfaces.
• Stethoscope: An instrument used by physicians to hear and analyse movements of heart and lungs.
• Stroboscope: An instrument for viewing objects moving rapidly with a periodic motion and to see them as if they were at rest.
• Sunshine Recorder: It is used to record sunshine duration (hrs/day) for growth of crops/plants.
• Tachometer: An instrument for determining speeds of aeroplanes and motor-boats.
• Teleprinter: An instrument which prints automatically messages sent from one place to another on telegraph lines.
• Telstar: It is a space communication satellite developed by Bell for overseas communications. It was launched on July 10, 1962 from Cape Canaveral (U.S.A.). Besides telephone calls, Telstar enables television microwave transmission to be made from and to any country with a transmitting and receiving station.
• Telescope: It is an apparatus used for observing distant objects.
• Theodollite–An instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
• Thermocouple: An instrument based on thermoelectricity used for measuring temperatures.
• Thermometer: An apparatus used for measuring temperature (maxi. and mini.)
• Thermometer (Dry and Wet Bulb): It is used to measure atmospheric humidity.
• Thermostat: An instrument used to regulate temperature to a particular degree.
• Viscometer: An instrument to measure viscosity.
• Wind Vane: An instrument for measuring wind direction, indicated with N,S E,W directions.

Working Principle of Scientific Instruments

Working Principle of Scientific Instruments

Diesel Engine
It is a low cost internal combustion engine with high efficiency. It consists of a cylinder with air-tight piston and provided with two valves. As the piston compresses the mixture of air and diesel, the temperature increases to 600°C leading to its ignition. The gases formed by ignition expand and push the piston out with a great force. It is connected with the gear which in turn is connected with the wheels which are set in motion. Finally the piston forces the inner gases out through another valve. This cycle is repeated again and again.

Davy’s Safety Lamp
It was invented by Sir Humphrey Davy to save the lives of the miners working in the mines. It consists of an ordinary lamp surrounded by a cylinder of wire gauze instead of glass chimney. The inflammable gases from the mine enter the gauze and burn inside the lamp with a blue flame. The gauze conducts the heat so well that the temperature outside and near the gauze never reaches the ignition point.

Dynamo
It is a device which transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy. The mechanical energy needed is obtained generally from a water turbine. It consists of a rectangular coil of wire called armature which rotates in a strong magnetic field created by electro magnet. As the coil rotates a current is induced in the coil.

Heart Lung Machine
This is a newly invented machine which promises a revolutionary advance in heart surgery. The patient’s circulation is temporarily exteriorised through the machinery by passing the heart which is left empty and idle, enabling the surgeon to work deliberately by direct vision without risk of severe haemorrhage. The heart lung machine, besides artificially circulating and oxygenating the patients’ blood can also cool it if hypothermia is necessary.

Lightning Conductor
When heavily charged cloud comes over the building, it induces an opposite charge on the upper end of the pointed rod of the lightning conductor and similar kind of charge is repelled into the earth. If the cloud is positively charged, the pointed end becomes negatively charged. From the pointed ends charge begins to leak setting up an electric wind which neutralises some of the charge of the cloud, thus decreasing the potential difference. Thus lightning will not strike the building.

Periscope
It is a device used by crew in submarines to see the surface of the water. The head of the instrument is visible over the surface of water. Light from an object is twice or thrice reflected through a rectangular pipe in which mirrors are fixed and reaches the eye-piece in which the image is seen.

Radar
It is an abbreviated form of Radio, Angle, Direction and Range. It is an instrument used to detect the direction and distance of distant invisible objects. A narrow beam of high frequency radio-waves is sent in all directions from the instrument. The invisible object in the space reflects these waves back. Radar receives these waves and by the time taken by them determines the distance and direction of the invisible object.

Refrigerator
It is a machine used for keeping temperature sufficiently low so as to prevent foodstuffs from getting bad by preventing the growth of bacteria or moulds in them. In the modern refrigerations amonia is liquefied under high pressure at the bottom. The liquid rises in the upper portion, where foodstuffs are kept. There it evaporates and since evaporation produces cooling effect the temperature of the place goes down. This process goes on and foodstuffs are prevented from becoming bad.

Rocket
The underlying principle of the flight of a rocket is Newton’s Third law of Motion viz., to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. It is a self-propelled vehicle which depends upon the force provided by a fuel carried along with it. As the fuel burns, products of combustion are forced out at terrific speed at the rear of the vehicle and reaction imparts motion to it in the forward direction. It has its own oxygen supply for burning the fuel and therefore, there is no dependence on air for combustion or propulsion.

Steam Engine
The motive power in a steam engine is provided by superheated steam. This steam under high pressure enters the cylinders at one end. It pushes the piston out and pushes in when escaping out from the other end of the cylinders. This process drives the piston back and forth. This piston is connected with the driving rods to the wheels of the engine and they are made to work.

Television
With the help of this Instrument we transmit images from one place to another. The object to be televised is illuminated strongly and then the light waves are by a curious mechanism converted into electrical impulses. The electrical impulses are converted back into light rays giving visual image.

Gread Personalities of Past and Present

Gread Personalities of Past and Present

• Akbar (1556–1605): He was the greatest of Mughal Emperors of India, founder of the new religion ‘Din-i-Ilahi’.
• Alberuni: A great historian who visited India in company with Mahmud Ghazni’s forces.
• Amir Khusro: A great Muslim saint who lived in the time of Alauddin Khilji. Known for his Pahelis and songs.
• Arthen Dunkel: He was the author of the ‘Dunkel Draft’ which ushered in global free-trade treaties and the World Trade Orga-nisation. He passed away in 2005.
• Arun Netravali: President of Bell Labs (USA), he is known as India’s Thomas Alva Edison. Like Edison’s 1093 patented inventions, Netravali’s 70 have hastened the evolution of techonology. Among his inventions is the world’s smallest working transistor.
• Arvid Carlsson: He has been awarded Nobel Prize 2000 in Medicine.
• Aryabhatta: A great astronomer and mathematician of ancient India. India named her first scientific satellite after his death.
• Baden Powell (1857-1941): Founder of the Boy Scouts Movement in 1908 and Girl Guides in 1910.
• Balgangadhar Tilak (1856-1910): A great nationalist Mahara-shtrian leader of India; wrote a commentary on the Gita while in a jail.
• Bana Bhatt: The most learned Court poet of Harshvardhana, author of ‘Kadambari’ and ‘Harshcharitsar’.
• Baumgartner: Austrian adventurer who flew across the English Channel without aircraft with the help of a special parachute.
• Beethoven: A great German musician and composer of world fame.
• Bennerji Womesh Chandra: The first President of Indian National Congress.
• Besant Annie (1846-1933): An Irish woman who staunchly supported India’s freedom movement. Founder of the Theosophical Society in India.
• Bhabha Dr. Homi Jahangir (1909-66): Was a great Indian scientist, first chairman of Atomic Energy Commission of India; made significant researches in the structure of atom and cosmic rays.
• Bhaskara I: A noted Indian astronomer of 9th century A.D.
• Bhaskara II: One of the distinguished Indian astronomers and mathematicians of 12th century A.D. It may be remembred that India named her 2nd scientific satellite launched into space from a Soviet cosmodrome on June 27, 1979 after the name of Bhaskara.
• Bjorn Borg: The tennis wonder of Sweden the Wimbledon Tennis King. He won his 5th successive Wimbeldon men’s singles title in London on July 5, 1980.
• C.F. Andrew: A British missionary who came to India in 1904. He worked for the freedom of India. He was known as Deen Bandhu.
• C.V. Raman: Professor of Physics and was, for his discovery of Raman Effect, awarded Nobel Prize.
• Chatterjee Bankim’ Chandra: Literary king of Bengal after Madhusudan; author of ‘Anand Math’.
• Che Guevara: A guerilla revolutionary who tried to foment revolts in several Latin American countries; shot dead in 1967.
• Chloe Bennion: A six year old girl with an IQ of 138, she has become the youngest current member of Meusa International, a high IQ society. Meusa welcomes people from all walks of life whose IQ is in the top 2 per cent of the population.
• Columbus (1446-1506): Famous Italian navigator who discovered America in 1492.
• Confucius (551-449 B.C.): Chinese sage and philosopher; founder of the great world religion Confucianism.
• Dante (1265-1321): One of the greatest Italian poets; author of Divine Comedia’.
• Darwin Charles (1802-82): Discoverer of the Theory of Natural Selection, author of ‘The Origin of Species’.
• Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: He had been a scientist of repute, familiarly known as Missile Man of India. He was elected President of India in July 2002.
• Dr. Kalpana Chawla (1961–2003): Born in India in 1961, Kalpana Chawla was the US astronaut who lost her life along with 6 other astronauts aboard US space shuttle Columbia, on Feb. 1, 2003. The space shuttle exploded in the sky only 16 minutes before its scheduled landing time.
• Epicurus (542-270 B.C.): Greek philosopher; founder of Epicurean philosophy.
• Epstein: The great British sculptor.
• Fa-hien: The first Chinese pilgrim who visited India during the reign of Chandra Gupta Vikramaditya.
• Florence Nightingale: Also known as ‘The Lady with the Lamp’ the great English nurse who served the wounded soldiers in the Crimean War.
• Galileo (1564-1642): Italian scientist; inventor of telescope.
• Garibaldi (1807-1882): A great Italian fighter for freedom; played a great role in the unification of Italy.
• Gayir Khan Irishanov: He is the world’s oldest living person. He lives in Dagestan, Russia and will celebrate his 135th birthday in 2001.
• Girija Devi: A Dalit woman from East Champaran district of Bihar, Ms. Girija Devi addressed the 15th session of United Nations Division of Advancement of Women and Development of Economic and Social Affairs on February 27, 2006 in New York (USA).
• Guru Nanak (1469–1538): Founder of the Sikh faith.
• Harold Pinter: British playwright, Mr. Harold Pinter whose spare style and use of silences has given rise to the adjective, ‘Pintersque’, won the 2005 Nobel Prize for Literature. Regarded as Britain’s one of best known dramatists, he has written many plays including The Birthday Party, The Caretaker etc.
• Hieun Tsang: The Chinese pilgrim who visited India in seventh century during the reign of King Harshvardhana.
• Hume Alan Octavian: An English statesman who founded the Indian National Congress in 1885.
• J.C. Bose (1858-1937): Eminent Indian botanist; inventor of crescograph.
• J.M. Coetzee: South Africa born novelist J. M. Coetzee who bagged Booker Prize in 1983 and again in 1999 has added one more feather to his cap by winning Nobel Prize for Literature 2003. He is the first author to win Booker Prize twice.
• Jamini Roy: Famous Indian painter.
• Javier Perez de Cuellar: He was the Secretary General of the United Nations. He took over the stewardship of the United Nations from Dr. Kurt Waldheim on January 1, 1982 and remained in office till 31 Dec., 1991.
• Jayakanthan, D.: Noted Tamil writer D. Jayakanthan was conferred the 38th Jnanpith award in 2005 Jayakanthan who has won National and International aclaim for his thought-provoking essays, short stories, novels and novellas, lent to the half of the 20th century a contemporary blend of cultural and political history of Tamil people.
• Joan of Arc (1412-31): The girl whose heroism inspired the Frenon to drive the English out of Orleans. She was burnt alive on the stakes.
• Kabir: One of the greatest exponents of Bhakti movement. He believed in the unity of God and equality of all religions.
• Kalhan: 11th century poet-historian of Kashmir, author of the famous book ‘Rajtarangini’.
• Kamal Ataturk: Builder of modern Turkey. He defended the Dardanelles against the British in 1912 and drove the Greeks out of Turkey in 1922. President of the Turkish Republic and its virtual dictator (1923-28).
• Kanchan Chaudhry Bhattacharya: Ms. Kanchan Chaudhry Bhattacharya became the first woman Director General of Police (DGP) in the country when she assumed charge as DGP Uttaranchal on June 17, 2004.
• Kautilya: The great politician who helped Chandra Gupta Maurya in securing political power.
• Kiran Bedi: India’s first woman IPS officer and a Magsaysay Award winner, has been appointed to the prestigious post of United Nations Civilian Police Adviser in the Department of Peace-keeping Operations.
• Krishna Dev Rai: He was the most famous Raja of Vijai Nagar kingdom and the last great Hindu ruler of Southern India (1509-29).
• Kumarila Bhatt: A well-known preacher of Hinduism during the 8th century.
• L.N. Mittal: The second Indian billionaire (next to Wipro’s Azim Premji) with a net worth of $ 6·2 billion, Mr. L. N. Mittal is one of the 7 Indian billionaires listed by Forbes list of world’s 587 billionaire. He is the founder and Chairman of LNM Group, poised to become world’s largest steel maker. Lately he has been ranked as the third richest man of the world and the richest man of the U.K.
• Le Corbusier: The architect who designed Chandigarh.
• Leonardo da Vinci: One of the greatest all-round geniuses the world has ever produced—painter, sculptor, architect, scientist, engineer and musician. Painted ‘Mona Lisa’. The ‘Last Supper’.
• M.S. Subbulakshmi: The, ‘Nightangle of Carnatic Music’ as also the celebrated exponent of classical and non-classical music, Bharat Ratna M.S. Subbulakshmi passed away at Chennai on Dec. 11, 2004 at the age of 88. She had also been honoured with Magsaysay Award. She had the unique honour of reciting devotional songs during the Silver Jubilee celebrations of UN in 1970. He impeccable music charmed one and all.
• M.S. Swaminathan: Padma Vibhushan Dr. M. S. Swaminathan is called as ‘Father of Green Revolution’ in India and had been the DG of ICAR and presently he is the Chairman of ‘Rashtrya Kisan Auog’ (Est. in Feb. 2004).
• Machiavelli: A fifteen-sixteenth century Florentine historian and diplomat; author of the famous treatise ‘The Prince’.
• Magellan: Commanded the first expedition in 1519 to sail round the world. Discovered passages to the Pacific from the Atlantic through Straits later on named after him.
• Mahatma Gandhi (M.K. Gandhi) (1869–1948): The greatest Indian after Buddha; father of the Indian nation; achieved freedom for India; was assassinated in 1948.
• Manu: Famous Hindu Law giver; author of Manusmiriti.
• Mark Inglis: Mark Inglis of New Zealand made history on May 15, 2006, when he became the first double amputee to scale Mt. Everest, the highest peak in the world. Inglis, who had lost both of his legs in a climbing accident 24 years ago, reached the summit after 40 days of tough climbing.
• Mark Shuttleworth: He is the world’s second and South Africa’s first space tourist. He was hurled into space by Russian Soyuz T.M.-34 rocket in April 2002 to reach the International Space Station.
• Martin Luther (1483–1546): Great German religious re-former, who headed Reformation in Europe.
• Marx, Karl (1818–83): German philosopher; author of ‘Das Capital’ and communist Manifosts.
• Max Muller: A great German scholar of the 19th century who discovered the treasure of Sanskrit literature and folklore to the world.
• Ms. Nivruti Rai: The first overseas citizen of India (OCI) card was presented to Ms. Nivruti Rai, an IT professional working in Intel, by Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh at the inaugural function of the Pravasi Bhartiya Divas–2006 in Hyderabad on January 7, 2006.
• Muttiah Muralitharan: Ace Sri Lankan off spinner Muttiah Muralitharan became the first bowler in cricket history in the world to claim over 1000 wickets in (593 in Tests and 411 in ODIs) international cricket. He achieved this unique milestone while playing against Bangladesh in Chittagong (Bangladesh) on March 2, 2006, which was also the 100th Test match of his career.
• Nand Lal Bose: Famous Indian artist, died in May 1966.
• Nero (37–68 A.D.): A tyrant and notorious sixth Roman emperor responsible for persecution of his countrymen.
• P.N. Menon: P. N. Menon, a distinguished film maker who heralded a new wave in the Malyalam film industry died at Kochi on Sept. 9, 2008 at the age of 82. Winner of the J. C. Daniel Award for his outstanding contributions to the Malyalam film industry. Mr. Menon started his film career as a poster designer and art director. He had a penchant for visuals that struck a different chord among the viewers.
• Panini: A great Sanskrit grammarian of ancient India.
• Percy Sonn: Mr. Percy Sonn of South Africa was appointed as the new President of the ICC (International Cricket Council) on July 7, 2006. A lawyer by profession, Mr. Sonn is the first person from Africa to be appointed to the most senior post at cricket’s world governing body.
• Picasso Pablo (1881-1973): A great Spanish painter : founder of Cubism.
• Pope Benedict XVI: Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (78) was elected 265th Pope of Roman Catholic Church on April 19, 2005 in Vatican City taking the name of Benedict XVI. He was formally inaugurated on April 24, 2005.
• Prof. Amartya Sen: The recipient of Nobel Prize for Economics for the year 1998 Prof. Amartya Sen revolutionized world outlook on welfare economics.
• Prof. Anusuya Chinaswamy Turan: Internationally acclaimed South African palaeobiologist of Indian Origin, Prof. Anusuya Chinaswamy Turan was named ‘Woman of the year 2005’ by certain South African agencies.
• Pulkesin II (608–642): The most powerful ruler of Chalukya dynasty in the Deccan.
• Rabindra Nath Tagore: Great Indian poet, novelist, awarded Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913.
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy: A great social reformer of Bengal helped William Bentick, Governor-General of India (1828-35) in the abolition of Sati and other social evils; founder of Brahmo Samaj.
• Ray Satyajit: The famous Indian film producer and director. He has received several awards for his outstanding contribution to Indian cinema. His famous films are Sonar Kella and Shatranj Ke Khilari (Hindi) etc.
• Rousseau (1512–78): Famous for his two remarkable works. ‘Confessions’ and ‘Social Contract’ which laid down principles of government and conduct; one of the intellectual forces of the French Revolution.
• Shakespeare (1564–1616): England’s greatest poet and dramatist. He was born at stratford on-Avon.
• Shashi Tharoor: Mr. Shashi Tharoor has been nominated as a candidate by the Union Government for the post of United Nations Secretary General which falls vacant by the end of 2006. Mr. Tharoor, who is presently the Under Secretary in the UN, has been working for it since 1978.
• Sreedharan E.: M. D. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. Mr. E. Sreedharan has been named one of the top 25 newsmakers of 2005 by the USA periodical Engineering News Record. Mr. Sreedharan has been named for the timely completion of Delhi’s 66 km. Metro rail project.
• Steve Fossett: US adventurer Steve Fossett has set records in sailboats, gliders and hot-air balloons. On March 3, 2005, he did it in an aeroplane. When he touched down at Salina airport, he became the first person to circumnavigate the globe on a solo, non-stop, non-refuelled flight. On Feb. 12, 2006 he established the world record of longest yet non-stop flight in his Virgin Atlantic Global Flyer.
• Subash Chandra Bose: A great freedom fighter of India; popularly known as Netaji; founded the Indian National Army. Died in a plane crash in 1945.
• Sun-Yat-Sen: The founder of Chinese Republic, in 1912. He played a prominent part in 1911 Revolution.
• Susruta (14th Century A.D.): One of the great ancient Indian surgeons.
• Thyagaraja: Was South India’s best known and best-loved musician. He composed his songs in Telugu.
• Todar Mal: One of the Nav Ratanas and Revenue Minister in the Court of Akbar.
• Tolstoy, Leo: A great Russian writer. Mahatma Gandhi was greatly influenced by his works.
• Tulsi Das: A great Hindu religious preacher, author of famous ‘Ram Charit Manas.’
• V. Kurean: Dr. V. Kurean (born on 26 Nov. 1921) is the founder of NDDB (National Dairy Development Board) Anand (Gujarat) and is also called as ‘Father of White Revolution’ in milk sector in India.
• V.S. Naipaul: A distinguished writer of world fame. He is of Indian origin, now living in England. He has been honoured with Nobel Prize for Literature for 2001.
• V.V. Giri: The fourth President of India. He died in Madras on June 24, 1980 at the age of 85.
• Vatsayan H.S.: He was an eminent Hindi poet and novelist. He was awarded Jnanpith award for 1978 for his collection of poems.
• Vivekanand (1865–1932): A great Hindu saint and religious leader, founder of Ram Krishan Mission.
• Vivekanand: A great propagator of Vedantic Philosophy; disciple of Swami Ram Krishna Paramhans, founded Ram Krishna Mission at Belur (West Bengal).
• Wilbeforce, William: A distinguished agitator and orator against slave trade during the reign of George III.
• Yasser Arafat: Chairman of Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) since 1969 and co-founder of Al-Fatah (1956), President of Palestinian Authority, Mr. Yasser Arafat passed away in Paris on Nov. 11, 2004 at the age of 75, leaving his dream of Palestinian statehood unfulfilled. He symbolised for decades the Palestinian people’s struggle for an independent homeland.
• Yuichiro Miura: He hails from Japan. He is the oldest man yet ever to reach Mt. Everest. He sealed the peak in May 2003 along with his son Gota.

Industrial Names of Chemical Compounds and Formulas

Industrial Names of Chemical Compounds and Formulas

Industrial Name	Chemical Name	Chemical Formula
Alum	Potassium aluminium sulphate	KAl(SO4)2.12H2O
Alcohol	Ethyl alcohol	C2H5OH
Banking Soda	Sodium bicarbonate	NaHCO3
Bleaching powder	Calcium chloro oxychloride or calcium chlorohypochloride	CaOCl3
Brine (or common salt)	Sodium chloride	NaCl
Borax	Sodium tetraborate decahydrate	Na2B4O7.10H2O
Caustic Potash	Potassium hydroxide	KOH
Caustic soda	Sodium hydroxide	NaOH
Chalk (marble) or pearl	Calcium carbonate	CaCO3
Chilli salt petre	Sodium nitrate	NaNO3
Chloroform	Trichloro methane	CHCl3
Epsom salt	Magnesium sulphate	MgSO4.7H2O
Glauber's salt	Sodium sulphate decahydrate	Na2SO4.10H2O
Gypsum	Calcium sulphate dihydrate	CaSO4.2H2O
Hypo	Sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate	Na2S2O3.5H2O
Laughing gas	Nitrous oxide	N2O
Lunar caustic	Silver nitrate	AgNO3
Marsh gas	Methane	CH4
Quick lime	Calcium oxide	CaO
Sal ammonia (Nausadar)	Ammonium chloride	NH4Cl
Sapphire (Ruby)	Aluminium oxide	Al2O3
Slaked lime	Calcium hydroxide	Ca(OH)2
Soda ash	Sodium carbonate	Na2CO3
Spirit	Methyl achochol	CH3OH
Washing soda	Sudium carbonate decahydrate	Na2CO3.10H2O

Common Names of Chemical Compounds and Formulas

Common Names of Chemical Compounds and Formulas

Common Name	Chemical Name	Formulae
Baking Powder	Sodium Bicarbonate	NaHCO3
Baryte	Barium Sulphate	BaSO4
Bleaching Powder	Calcium Hypochlorite	Ca (OCl)2
Blue Vitroil	Copper Sulphate	CuSO4.5H2O
Candy Fluid	Potassium Permanganate	KMnO4
Caustic Lotion	Silver Nitrate	AgNO3
Caustic Soda	Sodium Hydroxide	NaOH
Chile Saltpetre	Sodium Nitrate	NaNO3
Chloroform	Trichloromethane	CHCl3
Common Salt	Sodium Chloride	NaCl
Epsom Salt	Magnesium Sulphate	MgSO4.7H2O
Glauber's Salt	Sodium Sulphate	Na2SO4.10H2O
Green Vitriol	Ferrous Sulphate	FeSO4.7H2O
Gypsum	Calcium Sulphate	CaSO4.2H2O
Hydrogen Peroxide	Hydrogen Peroxide	H2O2
Hypo	Sodium Thiosulphate	NaS2O3.5H2O
Laughing Gas	Nitrous Oxide	N2O
Lime Water	Calcium Hydroxide	Ca (OH)2
Limestone	Calcium Carbonate	Ca CO3
Muriatic Acid	Hydrochloric Acid	HCl
Plaster of Paris	Calcium Sulphate	2CaSO4.H2O
Quick Lime	Calcium Oxide	CaO
Red Lead	Triplumbic Tetroxide	Pb3O4
Sal Ammoniac	Ammonium Chloride	NH4Cl
Saltpetre (Nitre)	Potassium Nitrate	KNO3
Sulphuric Acid	Sulphuric Acid	H2SO4
Soda Bicarb	Sodium Bicarbonate	NaHCO3
Washing Soda	Sodium Carbonate	Na2CO3.10H2O
Water	Hydrogen Oxide	H2O