Nobel Prizes
in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded 107
times to 211 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2016. Click on the links to get
more information.
2016
Yoshinori Ohsumi: “for his discoveries of mechanisms for
autophagy”
2015
William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ômura: “for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against
infections caused by roundworm parasites”
Youyou Tu: “for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against
Malaria”
2014
John O’Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser: “for their discoveries of cells that constitute a
positioning system in the brain”
2013
James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas
C. Südhof: “for their discoveries of
machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells”
2012
Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka: “for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to
become pluripotent”
2011
Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann: “for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate
immunity”
Ralph M. Steinman
: “for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive
immunity”
2010
Robert G. Edwards: “for the development of in vitro fertilization”
2009
Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack
W. Szostak: “for the discovery of how
chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase”
2008
Harald zur Hausen: “for his discovery of human papilloma viruses
causing cervical cancer”
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier: “for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus”
2007
Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver
Smithies: “for their discoveries of
principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of
embryonic stem cells”
2006
Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello: “for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing
by double-stranded RNA”
2005
Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren: “for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter
pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease”
2004
Richard Axel and
Linda B. Buck: “for
their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory
system”
2003
Paul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield: “for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance
imaging”
2002
Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John
E. Sulston: “for their discoveries
concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death’”
2001
Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt and Sir Paul M. Nurse: “for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle”
2000
Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric
R. Kandel: “for their discoveries
concerning signal transduction in the nervous system”
1999
Günter Blobel: “for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that
govern their transport and localization in the cell”
1998
Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid
Murad: “for their discoveries concerning
nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system”
1997
Stanley B. Prusiner: “for his discovery of
Prions - a new biological principle of infection”
1996
Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zinkernagel: “for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the
cell mediated immune defence”
1995
Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric
F. Wieschaus: “for their discoveries
concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development”
1994
Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell: “for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these
proteins in signal transduction in cells”
1993
Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp: “for their discoveries of split genes”
1992
Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs: “for their discoveries concerning reversible protein
phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism”
1991
Erwin Neher and
Bert Sakmann: “for
their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells”
1990
Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas: “for their discoveries concerning organ and cell
transplantation in the treatment of human disease”
1989
J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus: “for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral
oncogenes”
1988
Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion and George
H. Hitchings: “for their discoveries of
important principles for drug treatment”
1987
Susumu Tonegawa: “for his discovery of the genetic principle for
generation of antibody diversity”
1986
Stanley Cohen and
Rita Levi-Montalcini: “for their discoveries of growth factors”
1985
Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein: “for their discoveries concerning the regulation of
cholesterol metabolism”
1984
Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler and César
Milstein: “for theories concerning the
specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery
of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies”
1983
Barbara McClintock: “for her discovery of mobile genetic elements”
1982
Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson and John
R. Vane: “for their discoveries concerning
prostaglandins and related biologically active substances”
1981
Roger W. Sperry: “for his discoveries concerning the functional
specialization of the cerebral hemispheres”
David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel: “for their discoveries concerning information processing in
the visual system”
1980
Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset and George D. Snell: “for their discoveries concerning genetically determined
structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions”
1979
Allan M. Cormack and Godfrey N. Hounsfield: “for the development of computer assisted tomography”
1978
Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith: “for the
discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular
genetics”
1977
Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally: “for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone
production of the brain”
Rosalyn Yalow: “for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide
hormones”
1976
Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek: “for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the
origin and dissemination of infectious diseases”
1975
David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard
Martin Temin: “for their discoveries
concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of
the cell”
1974
Albert Claude, Christian de Duve and George E. Palade: “for their discoveries concerning the structural and
functional organization of the cell”
1973
Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen: “for their discoveries concerning organization and
elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns”
1972
Gerald M. Edelman and Rodney R. Porter: “for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of
antibodies”
1971
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.: “for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms
of the action of hormones”
1970
Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler and Julius Axelrod: “for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors
in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and
inactivation”
1969
Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey and Salvador E. Luria: “for their
discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of
viruses”
1968
Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall
W. Nirenberg: “for their interpretation of
the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis”
1967
Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline and George Wald: “for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological
and chemical visual processes in the eye”
1966
Peyton Rous: “for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses”
Charles Brenton Huggins: “for his discoveries concerning hormonal
treatment of prostatic cancer”
1965
François Jacob, André Lwoff and Jacques Monod: “for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme
and virus synthesis”
1964
Konrad Bloch and
Feodor Lynen: “for
their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol
and fatty acid metabolism”
1963
Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew
Fielding Huxley: “for their discoveries
concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the
peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane”
1962
Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson and Maurice
Hugh Frederick Wilkins: “for their
discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its
significance for information transfer in living material”
1961
Georg von Békésy: “for his discoveries of the physical mechanism
of stimulation within the cochlea”
1960
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet and Peter Brian Medawar: “for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance”
1959
Severo Ochoa and
Arthur Kornberg: “for
their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic
acid and deoxyribonucleic acid”
1958
George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum: “for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite
chemical events”
Joshua Lederberg: “for his discoveries concerning genetic
recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria”
1957
Daniel Bovet: “for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that
inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on
the vascular system and the skeletal muscles”
1956
André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann and Dickinson
W. Richards: “for their discoveries
concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory
system”
1955
Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell: “for his discoveries concerning the nature and
mode of action of oxidation enzymes”
1954
John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller and Frederick
Chapman Robbins: “for their discovery of
the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of
tissue”
1953
Hans Adolf Krebs: “for his discovery of the citric acid cycle”
Fritz Albert Lipmann: “for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its
importance for intermediary metabolism”
1952
Selman Abraham Waksman: “for his discovery of streptomycin, the first
antibiotic effective against tuberculosis”
1951
Max Theiler: “for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to
combat it”
1950
Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein and Philip
Showalter Hench: “for their discoveries
relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological
effects”
1949
Walter Rudolf Hess: “for his discovery of the functional
organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the
internal organs”
Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz
: “for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in
certain psychoses”
1948
Paul Hermann Müller: “for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT
as a contact poison against several arthropods”
1947
Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, née
Radnitz: “for their discovery of the
course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen”
Bernardo Alberto Houssay: “for his discovery of the part played by the
hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar”
1946
Hermann Joseph Muller: “for the discovery of the production of
mutations by means of X-ray irradiation”
1945
Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain and Sir
Howard Walter Florey: “for the discovery
of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases”
1944
Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser: “for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated
functions of single nerve fibres”
1943
Henrik Carl Peter Dam: “for his discovery of vitamin K”
Note: Edward Adelbert Doisy: “for his discovery of the chemical nature of
vitamin K”
1942
Note: No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3
allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize
section.
1941
Note: No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3
allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize
section.
1940
Note: No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3
allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize
section.
1939
Gerhard Domagk: “for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of
prontosil”
1938
Corneille Jean François Heymans: “for the discovery of the role played by
the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration”
1937
Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrápolt: “for his discoveries in
connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to
vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid”
1936
Sir Henry Hallett Dale and Otto Loewi: “for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of
nerve impulses”
1935
Hans Spemann: “for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic
development”
1934
George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot and William
Parry Murphy: “for their discoveries
concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia”
1933
Thomas Hunt Morgan: “for his discoveries concerning the role played
by the chromosome in heredity”
1932
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and Edgar Douglas Adrian: “for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons”
1931
Otto Heinrich Warburg: “for his discovery of the nature and mode of
action of the respiratory enzyme”
1930
Karl Landsteiner: “for his discovery of human blood groups”
1929
Christiaan Eijkman: “for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin”
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins: “for his discovery of the growth-stimulating
vitamins”
1928
Charles Jules Henri Nicolle: “for his work on typhus”
1927
Julius Wagner-Jauregg: “for his discovery of the therapeutic value of
malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica”
1926
Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger: “for his discovery of the Spiroptera
carcinoma”
1925
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was
allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1924
Willem Einthoven: “for his discovery of the mechanism of the
electrocardiogram”
1923
Frederick Grant Banting and John James Rickard Macleod: “for the discovery of insulin”
1922
Archibald Vivian Hill: “for his discovery relating to the production of
heat in the muscle”
Otto Fritz Meyerhof: “for his discovery of the fixed relationship
between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the
muscle”
1921
Note: No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was
allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1920
Schack August Steenberg Krogh: “for his discovery of the capillary motor
regulating mechanism”
1919
Jules Bordet: “for his discoveries relating to immunity”
1918
Note: No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was
allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1917
Note: No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was
allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1916
Note: No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was
allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1915
Note: No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was
allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1914
Robert Bárány: “for his work on the physiology and pathology of the
vestibular apparatus”
1913
Charles Robert Richet: “in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis”
1912
Alexis Carrel: “in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the
transplantation of blood vessels and organs”
1911
Allvar Gullstrand: “for his work on the dioptrics of the eye”
1910
Albrecht Kossel: “in recognition of the contributions to our
knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the
nucleic substances”
1909
Emil Theodor Kocher: “for his work on the physiology, pathology and
surgery of the thyroid gland”
1908
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov and Paul Ehrlich: “in recognition of their work on immunity”
1907
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran: “in recognition of his work on the role
played by protozoa in causing diseases”
1906
Camillo Golgi and
Santiago Ramón y Cajal: “in recognition of their work on the structure of the
nervous system”
1905
Robert Koch: “for his investigations and discoveries in relation to
tuberculosis”
1904
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov: “in recognition of his work on the physiology of
digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been
transformed and enlarged”
1903
Niels Ryberg Finsen: “in recognition of his contribution to the
treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light
radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science”
1902
Ronald Ross: “for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it
enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research
on this disease and methods of combating it”
1901
Emil Adolf von Behring: “for his work on serum therapy, especially its
application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain
of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a
victorious weapon against illness and deaths”
No comments:
Post a Comment